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Population and the Environment
We can better understand the population problem by taking a look at the effects that over population is having on our world. Population growth has significant environmental consequences that lead to resource shortages for the world’s population. These include less land for farming and grain production, deforestation and water shortages. In the future, farmers must increase production in order to keep up with the food demands of the growing population. They must, however, attempt this as land availability decreases, creating a demand for chemical agriculture and genetically modified crops. In addition, fresh water supplies are decreasing. The amount of water available per person will drop by 74% between 1950 and 2050. The February 2008 edition of Rick Management Magazine said 1.7 billion people today live in places with periodic water shortages; they estimated that this number will increase to 5 billion by the year 2025. We can already see the effects of water scarcity today in the frequent droughts experienced around the globe. By making the curbing of population growth a priority, we can ensure that we are able to keep up with the world’s food and water demands.
Environmental Threats
The expansion of human activity and associated loss of habitat are the leading causes of the unprecedented extinctions of plant and animal species worldwide. The loss of biological diversity leads to instability of ecological systems, particularly those that are stressed by climate change or by invasion of non-native species. Learn how PMC’s program in Rwanda is helping to preserve the habitat of the endangered mountain gorilla.
Massive rural to urban migration in much of the developing world has overwhelmed water treatment systems, resulting in water pollution that leads to intolerable health conditions for many people.
Despite this migration, rural populations are also growing, leading to overuse of land and resultant erosion of hillsides and silting of rivers, as typified by Madagascar, Rwanda, Nepal and Haiti.
The same pressures are hastening the destruction of vast forest areas and loss of wildlife habitat. The loss of forests also reduces the ability of the ecosystem to combat global warming. Carbon dioxide that would be absorbed by trees instead stays in the atmosphere.
On a global basis, emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, are rising rather than falling, despite the international agreements designed to reduce emissions. Given this trend, many scientists believe that global warming will accelerate during this century, with consequences including rising sea levels, growing weather severity, and disruption of agriculture.
Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing in developing countries where populations are expanding most rapidly. In some of these countries, energy consumption and production of greenhouse gases are rising on a per capita basis as the countries’ economies expand. In most of these countries, there is an understandable desire to increase living standards by increasing production and per capita consumption of energy and resources. Median projections of expanding economic activity in developing countries indicate that the developing world will be producing more greenhouse gases than the developed countries by the year 2020. At the same time, the developed countries are generally failing to make progress on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, in part because of continuing population increases, especially in the United States.
Given the trends in population, energy and resource consumption, combined with technological innovations, the adverse human impact on the global ecosystem could triple or quadruple by the year 2050. Sign-up to receive PMC’s daily population emails and learn more about how population growth affects the environment.

The target and direction of Industrial and trade development for the last year of the sixth Five year plan Development and for the Seventh Five Year Development are basically still relevant to be implemented. Even though the challenges are different due to the recent position of national economic growth and unpredictable condition.
During the period of the Development Reform Cabinet, considerable targets have been achieved in Industry and Trade sector. In order to increase export, the government has expanded the scope of commodities that are given particular Export companies (PET) facilities.
Policies in foreign trade field is directed to increase export value and foreign exchange receipt diversity types of commodities, strong competitiveness, expand market access, promote non-oil and gas commodities, and settle export problems.
Import policies are directed to control goods imported, for production and consumption needs, state security, and environment. The import policies are among others in forms of import restriction, import trading procedures consisting of permits, import executive appointment, and quota: import duty tariffs, overcoming unfair trade, practices such as violation of anti Dumping and countervailing Duty.
To improve Small and medium-Scale Industries (IKM) a critical period, the government has allocated rolling fund assistance for handicraft industries and agricultural industries, which have exported potential, and their supporting business. In the frame work of facing market globalization and strengthening competitiveness of small industries products, the government will implement ISO-9000 quality management absorption program, including small industry producing export commodities, component making (sub contracting) industry, types of industry that will and have applied SNI national standard, and Industrial companies experienced in applying group Quality Control (GKM).
REGULATIONS
By the legalizing Act Number 5 of 1999 on prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair Competition on 5th March 1998 that will take effect one year after being sanctioned, the industrial competitiveness in the country has become healthy.
The creation of Act on Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair competition is intended to give contribution to the efforts of improving natural economy efficiency, which in turn will increase social welfare.
The legalization of Act Number 8 of 1999 on consumers Protection by the President of the Republic of Indonesia on 20th April 1999 that will take place in April 2000, in this reform era, is expected to be able to give freedom to consumers in enjoying a product and simultaneously to build business actors in selling their quality product as well as to protect consumers.
Two consumer protection agencies were born from this act, namely the national Consumer Protection Board (BPKN) domiciled in the Capital City and Consumer Dispute Settlement Board (BPSK) in the second-Level District territory. Both agencies members consist of representative of business actors, consumers, academicians and non-government consumer institutes, beside those of the government. The number of companies registered based on the Act on Company Registration Obligation from July is 1,376,426 companies.
The issuance of a series of policies free import trading and distribution of sugar arrangement and farmers obligation to grow sugar cane and sell their harvest to BULOG (National Logistic Agency). Thus Sugar trading is handed over to market mechanism, and General Importers (IUS) can carry out import with 0% import duty. To assist farmers in overcoming loss due to decrease in sugar prices in domestic markets, the government has decided that farmers sugar should be brought by Sugar Factories and the Sugar Factories have to buy farmers Sugar in 90% cash and the balance should be paid form of kind.
Import trading arrangement of automotive Industries which was formerly arranged IU,TT/AT and subject to a very high percentage of import duty, has been reviewed and is planned to be altered to automotive import simplification by eliminating tariff barrier.
Data of Indonesia's Trade First Quarter 2001
Total Export: US$ 14.8 Billion
Oil and gas: US$ 3.7 Billion
Non-Oil and gas US$ 11.1 Billion
Total Import: US$ 9 billion
Oil and Gas US$ 0,8 billion
Non-Oil and Gas US$ 8,1 billion
AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
The Indonesian automobile sector is bracing for a Chinese invasion. In only two years, Chinese-made motorcycles have captured 25 percent of the Indonesian market at the expense of the long dominant, domestically-manufactured Japanese brands. With recent GOI approval, 700 Chinese-made Chang'an and Wuling cars will soon hit Indonesian roads. With supplemental shipments, the industry predicts that the Chinese automobiles could capture 12 percent of the yearly 315,000 unit market by the end of 2001. The Rp 43 million to Rp 45 million (USD 3,945 to USD 4,130) price per car is a fraction of the price of comparable Japanese and European imports and less than half the retail price of Korean imports, which have captured the bulk of the market for imported vehicles. The Chinese cars are subject to an additional 75 percent luxury tax and 40 to 75 percent import tariff (depending on engine size). (Kia and other domestically assembled foreign cars are exempt from the import tariff.)
The Chinese cars, nevertheless, are entering the market at a time when sales are lagging. Based on first quarter returns, the Association of Indonesian Automotive Industries (GAKINDO) announced that car sales are likely to drop 15 percent in 2001 due to higher prices as a result of the slumping rupiah and lower economic growth. Automobile manufacturers also warned of decreased sales due to large hikes in the luxury tax. Minister of Industry and Trade Luhut Pandjaitan said that the GOI is aiming for Rp 330 billion (USD 28.9 million) in additional tax revenue from the auto industry.
CHANGING EXPORT FORECAST
Several key Indonesian sectors have adjusted their 2001 end-of-year predictions in light of first quarter returns, rising fuel prices, weakening rupiah exchange rate, and uncertainties in the international market. Traditionally strong sectors such as plywood, textiles, and footwear are predicting disappointing 2001 returns. More interestingly, emerging industries like auto parts and electronics have augmented their forecasts to reflect increasing global competitiveness and a strengthening consumer market in Indonesia. Sector organizations predicting 2001 returns include:
1.the National Textile Business Forum announced that textile exports are expected to fall 20 percent;
2.the Association of Indonesian Plywood Producers predicted a 12 percent decline in plywood exports;
3.the Indonesian Furniture and Handicraft Industries Association announced that the sector might not be able to reach its USD 1.8 billion sales goal.
4.the Ministry of Industry and Trade issued a statement retracting the previously predicted 10 percent increase for wood product exports;
5.the Association of Indonesian Footwear Producers predicted a 10 percent decline in shoe exports;
6.Electronic Marketer Sales Club reported a 60 percent increase in sales of electronic products during the first quarter of 2001. This included a 78 percent increase in television sales, 37 percent rise in refrigerator sales, 79 percent climb in air conditioner sales, and 45 percent increase washing machine sales. The growth in sales occurred in spite of a new 10 to 30 percent luxury tax;
7.the Indonesian Automotive Parts and Components Industries Association predicted a 22 percent increase in auto part exports;
The Best and the Worst of the Jakarta Stock Exchange
Jakarta's LQ-45 Index tracks the 45 most-traded stocks by capitalization. The top and bottom of the list for the first quarter 2001 include:
1.Bimantara Citra telecommunications + 80.6%
2.Alfa Retailindo cigarettes + 30.8%
3.Bhakti investment + 21.7%
4.Indah Kiat Pulp pulp and paper - 64.8%
5.Pabrik Kertas paper - 63.2%
6.Lippo E-Net internet - 52.6%

Exercise 11
(C) 1. The subject (of the lectures) was quite interesting.
(I) 2. The supplies (for the camping trip) needs to be packed.
(C) 3. The chairs under the table in the dinning room is quite comfortable.
(I) 4. The players on the winning team in the competition put forth a lot of effort.
(C) 5. The food for the guests at the party are on the long tables.
(C) 6. The cost of the clothes was higher than i had expected.
(C) 7. The rugs in the front rooms of the house are going to be washed today.
(C) 8. The waiters and waitresses in this restaurant always serves the food efficiently.
(I) 9. The lights in the corner of the room need to be kept on all night.
(C) 10.The meeting of the members of the council begins at 3:00 in the afternoon.
Exercise 12
(C) 1. Half of the students in the class arrive early.
(I) 2. Some of the fruit are rotten.
(C) 3. All of the next chapter contains very important information.
(C) 4. Most of the people in the room is paying attention.
(C) 5. Part of the soup is left on the stove.
(I) 6. Some of the movie were just too violent for me.
(I) 7. All of the details in the report need to be checked.
(C) 8. Most of the money is needed to pay the bills.
(I) 9. The first half of the class consists of lecture and note-talking.
(I) 10. Some of the questions on the test was impossible to answer.
Exercise 13
(I) 1.Anybody are welcome at the party.
(C) 2.No one here is afraid of skydiving.
(I) 3.Everyone in the world needs love and respect.
(C) 4.Someone have to clean up the house.
(C) 5.Each plant in the garden appear healty and strong.
(I) 6.You should understand that anything is possible.
(C) 7.Everthing in the salad are good for you.
(C) 8.Nobody in the class have completed the assignment on time.
(C) 9.I am sure that every detail have been considered.
(I)10.Everybody know the rules, but somebody is not following them.
Exercise (Sklills 11-13)
(C)1. The receptionist in the entryway to the offices is able to answer your questions.
(C)2. All of the information in the documents are important.
(I)3. Anyone in one of the classes has to take the final exam.
(I)4. The coordinator of community services are arranging the program.
(C)5. Most of the car are covered with mud.
(C)6. Nothing more is going to be completed today.
(C)7. The drinks in the pitchers on the table in the ballroom is for everyone.
(C)8. Everybody were told to be here at 8:00, but somebody is not here.
(C)9. Some of the meetings at the conference are limited to ten participants.
(I)10.The sauce on the vegetables in the yellow bowl taste really delicious.
Toefl Exercise (Skills 11 – 13)
(A) 1. Nobody know when the process of glass-making was invented.
(D) 2. Sugars like glucose is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
(C)3. Part of the electricity used in the United States today come from hydroelectric sources.
(B) 4. The languages of the world presents a vast array of structural similarities and differences.
(D) 5. The rise of multinationals have resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity because multinationals can operate in so many jurisdictions.
(A) 6. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States has even numbers, while
north-south interstate highways are odd-numbered.
(C) 7. When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud expoded in 1987, a wave of neutrinos were detected on Earth.
(C) 8. Some of the agricultural practices used today is responsible for fostering desertification.
(B) 9. Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and a few bushes are occupied by
the white-crowned sparrow.
(B) 10. Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that put so much ash into the air that sunsets around the world was affected for two years afterward.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-13)
1.(D) Pictograms constitute the earliest system of writing.
2.At temperatures (B) approaches absolute zero, substances prosses minimal energy.
3.The Earth’s one-year revolution around the Sun changes how falling sunlight on one hemisphere or the other.
4.Though sporadic interest in regional dialects (A) has existed for centuries, the first large-scale systematic studies did not take place until the nineteenth century.
(A)5. The waters of the Chattahoochee River fills Lake Lanier.
(A)6. The first set of false teeth similar to those in use today it was made in France in the 1780s.
(D)7. The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for people from New England, but now anyone from the United States are referred to as a Yankee.
(A)8. A network of small arteries, mostly sandwiched between the skin and the underlying muscles, supply blood to the face and scalp.
(C)9. Mesquite is a small tree in the Southwest who can withstand the severest drought.
(D)10. At the end of the revolution, most of the army units of the young nation was almost entirely disbanded, leaving a total national military force of eghty men in 1784.
EXERCISE 14
(I) 1. The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously.
(C) 2. You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar.
(C) 3. The living room was decorated with expensive painting and elegance lamps.
(C) 4. He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation was not going to improve, and that he needed to get a job.
(I) 5. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing, sledding, or played in the snow.
(C) 6. The car needs new tires but not a new enginee.
(C) 7. He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has finished.
(I) 8. To get to the office, you should go trough this door, turn to the left, and continuation down the hall.
(C) 9. For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake, or butter cookies.
(I) 10. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest.
EXERCISE 15
(I) 1. He either lied or telling an unbelievable story.
(C) 2. The music at the concert was neither well played nor well liked.
(I) 3. He regularly studies both in the morning or in the evening.
(C) 4. The play that we saw last night was not only rather delightful but also quite meaningful.
(I) 5. He married her neither for her ability to cook nor her ability to clean house.
(I) 6. The discussion was both exciting and interest.
(C) 7. He withdrew all the money not only from the cheking account but also from the savings account.
(I) 8. Neither the teacher or the students are ready to leave the classroom.
(I) 9. You can meet with me either in the next few minutes or at 4:00.
(I) 10. John is an adventurous person who enjoys not only sky diving but also goes parasailing.

EXERCISE (Skills 14 – 15)
(C) 1. The advertisements appeared in the newspaper and on the radio.
(I) 2. She is trained as both an accountant and in nursing.
(I) 3. We can take either my car or yours to the party.
(C) 4. The coffee is too hot, too bitter, and too strength.
(I) 5. He not only passed the test but also receiving the highest score in the class.
(I) 6. Your ideas are neither more important or less important than the ideas of the others.
(I) 7. The meeting lasted only an hour but still seeming too long.
(I) 8. The novel was both emotional and description.
(I) 9. Either the counselor or her secretary can help you with that problem.
(I) 10.The leaves from the tree fell in the yard, in the pool, the driveway, and on the sidewalk.
TOEFL EXERCISE (SKILLS 14 – 15)
(B) 1. Ballpoint pens are less versatile but more population than foumtain pens.
(A) 2. Riddles vary greatly in both grammatical and phonology form.
(B) 3. Blood preassure is measured by feeling the pulse and apply a force to the arm.
(D) 4. The moon has no atmosphere, no air, and no watery.
(C) 5. The firs matches were too hard to ignite, a mess, or too dangerously easy to ignite.
(C) 6. A 1971 U.S. government policy not only put warnings on cigarette packs but also banning television advertising of cigarettes.
(C) 7. Demand, beauty, durability, rare, and perfection of cutting determine the value of gemstone.
(D) 8. The Harvard Yard, which was Harvard’s original campus, is still a major attraction for boyh students and visiting.
(D) 9. In 1862, the American Confederacy raised the Merrimack, renamed it Virginia, covered it whit iron plates, and an outfit it with ten guns.
(D) 10. The liquid crystals in a liquid crystal display (LCD) affect the polarized light so that it is either blocked and reflected by the segments of the display.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1 – 15)
1. Most cells in multicelled organisms perform (D) specialization fuctions.
2. The big island of Hawaii, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, (D) was created by five volcanoes.
3. The sun uses up over four million tons of hydrogen per second (C) but it still has enough hydrogen to last for the next billion years.
4. For Katherine L. Bates, who (A) reached the top of Pikes Peak in 1893. the view provided the inspiration for her hymn “America the Beautiful.”
(B) 5. Coal, petroleum, and natural gascous are all fossil fuels.
(C) 6. The mass of neutron stars generally range from one-tenth to twice the mass of the sun.
(D) 7. Grasses grow in ways that help them to survive being nibbled, chilly, or dried.
(B) 8. Most of Hemingway’s novels glorifies heroic exploits such as bullfighting or boxing.
(D) 9. Paleographers study ancient and medieval handwriting in order to establish not only its age and also its background.
(C) 10.The sounds produced by bullfrogs and toads vary greatly because each species have its own particular call.
EXERCISE 16
I 1. We have already hearing the good news.
C 2. She has ridden her bicycle to school every day.
I 3. I have always believe you.
I 4. He has find the missing car keys.
C 5. They have put their money in a savings account.
C 6. Their parents have allowed them to stay up late.
C 7. She has never ran away from home before.
I 8. Have you ever saw a ghost?
C 9. They have taken three tests already this week.
I 10. He has offer me a high-paying job.
EXERCISE 17
I 1. She was study the textbooks all night long.
C 2. The pie was cut into six equal pieces.
I 3. Today the teacher is allow the students to leave class a few minutes early.
I 4. The class is teach every other semester.
C 5. Tom is bringing some drinks to the party.
C 6. The sick child was taken to see a doctor.
I 7. The children are swim in the backyard pool.
C 8. The diamond jewelry is always keep in a safe place.
C 9. The teacher is preparing a difficult exam for the students.
I 10. Dinner is served from 6:00 to 8:00.
EXERCISE 18
C 1. You should try to respond politely.
I 2. Everyone must leaves the room immediately.
I 3. I could sat on the beach for hours.
I 4. She will asking you many difficult questions.
C 5. You can look at the book, but you cannot borrow it.
C 6. He may lies to you because he is not very truthful.
I 7. He knew that he would forgot the phone number.
C 8. The wetherman said that it might snowing tonight.
I 9. Perhaps we could bought a new car this year.
I 10. This course will satisfy the graduation requirement.

EXERCISE (Skills 16 – 18)
I 1. We have became good friends in the last year.
C 2. Your name will be list in the new directory.
C 3. The new movie is receive good reviews.
C 4. She must have feel sorry about her bad behavior.
I 5. They have always given their family many presents.
C 6. We may be taking a vacation next week.
C 7. We could have taking a vacation last week.
C 8. The package might had been deliver by an express mail service.
I 9. I have not wrote very many letters to my friends.
C 10. The car should not have be drive anymore yesterday.
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 16 – 18)
(D) 1. By the 1920s, many radio transmitters had been build.
(C) 2. Fish farming has rose in the United States in recent years.
(B) 3. In areas of volcanic activity, beach sand may contains dark minerals and little quartz.
(A) 4. Cro-Magnon man was names after the caves in southwest France where the first remains were discovered.
(D) 5. Lassie, the famous collie who made her first screen appearance in 1943, has always be played by a male dog.
(A) 6. A blue bigwig lizard stakes out a territory and will defending females within it against courting males.
(A) 7. President George Washington was inaugurates on the steps of the Federal Building in New York City.
(A) 8. By 1627, Plymouth had became a viable and growing community of fifty families, twenty-two goats, fifteen cows, and more than fifty pigs.
(B) 9. Tobacco was the crop on which the eminence of Williamburg and the prosperity of Virginia were base.
(A) 10.Because there may be scores of genes in each suspect DNA region, scientists must identifying and sequence the actual genes contributing to type I diabetes.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skill 1 – 18)
(D) 1. The Pacific Ocean has the deepest valleys and canyons on the Earth.
(C) 2. In the United States, the participation of females in the labor force jumped from 37 percent in 1965 to 51 percent in 1980.
(B) 3. Some composers, such as Richard Wagner, have felt that interrupt arias the action of the opera too much and have written operas without them.
(A) 4. Water stored behind a dam can used to drive turbines.
(A) 5. Our universe may continue to expand as it gets colder,empty, and deader.
(A) 6. Every form of matter in the world are made up of atoms.
(B) 7. The lens and cornea are supply with nutrients and oxygen by the aqueous fluid.
(A) 8. Dodge City, laid out in 1872, owed both its prosperity and its famous to the buffalo in its early years.
(A) 9. The amount of the two kinds of cholesterol in the blood have been shown to have an effect on the risk of heart attack.
(A) 10. By the time Noah Webster reached his mid-twenties, he had already publish an elementary speller.